Falls:

• In individuals ages 65 and older, falls are the leading cause of injury death. 37
• Over one-third of adults ages 65 and older fall each year. 38 39
• Urinary incontinence is frequently reported as a risk factor for falling. 40
• Elderly men with moderate or severe lower urinary tract symptoms (urinary urgency, urinary frequency, and the need to strain to initiate urination) are at a significantly greater risk of falls, and the risk dramatically increases as symptoms worsen. 48
• Taking over four medications increases risk of falling. 41 Specifically, diuretics used to treat hypertension (ie. hydrochlorothiazide/HCTZ) significantly increase risk of falling. 42 Also, drugs with an anticholinergic effect are commonly used to treat symptoms related to urinary frequency and incontinence. Side effects of anticholinergics can contribute to falls: blurred vision, drowsiness and sedation, confusion, disorientation, dizziness, weakness, hallucinations, and delirium. Furthermore, taking more than one medication with an anticholinergic effect increases risk and severity of falling. Older persons should be advised of these adverse effects so that risk prevention and management may be assessed.
  

The following may be effective measures to reduce risk of falls:

• reduce environmental hazards (ie. adding grab bars, removing tripping hazards) 43
• increase safety and fit of wheelchairs 44
• review medications to reduce side effects and risk of drug interaction 44
• increase lower body strength and improve balance through regular physical activity 45 46 47